Theories of spacesuit design

A space suit should permit its user natural and unencumbered movement. The only way this is achievable is for the space suit to maintain a constant volume no matter what position the wearer is in. This is since mechanical work is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If moving an arm or hand causes a change in the volume of the space suit, then the astronaut has to do additional work every time he bends that joint, and he has to maintain a force to keep the joint bent. Even if this force is very small, it can be critically fatiguing to constantly fight against your suit. It also makes delicate movements very difficult.

All space suit designs try to minimize or do away with this problem. The most general solution is to form the suit out of multiple layers. The bladder layer is a chewy, airtight layer much like a balloon. The moderation layer goes outside the bladder, and provides a specific shape for the suit. Since the bladder layer is bigger than the restraint layer, the restraint takes all of the stresses caused by the pressure of the suit. Since the bladder is not underneath strain, it will not "pop" similar to a balloon, even if punctured. The moderation layer is shaped in such a way that bending a joint will cause pockets of fabric, called gores, to open up on the outside of the joint. This makes up for the volume lost on the surrounded by of the joint, and keeps the suit at a constant volume. However, once the gores are opened all the way, the joint cannot be bent any longer without a considerable amount of work.

Spacesuit requirements

Several things are needed for the spacesuit to function appropriately in space. It must provide:a stable interior pressure. This be able to less than earth's atmosphere, as there is usually no need for the spacesuit to carry nitrogen.
breathable oxygen: Usually a rebreather is used beside with a supply of fresh oxygen.

temperature regulation: Heat can only be missing in space by thermal radiation, or conduction with objects in physical contact with the space suit. Since heat is missing very slowly by radiation, a space suit almost always has only a cooling system and heavy insulation on the hands and possibly feet

Space Suit

A space suit is a complex system of garments and equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and at ease in the harsh environment of outer space. This applies to extra-vehicular action outside spacecraft orbiting Earth and has applied to walking, and riding the Lunar Rover, on the Moon.

Some of these requirements also apply to force suits worn by people such as high-altitude fighter pilots who may fly so high that breathing pure oxygen at adjacent pressure would not provide enough oxygen for them to function: see hypoxia.

General information of sun

The sun as it appears all the way through a camera lens from the surface of Earth. The Sun is confidential as a main sequence star, which means it is in a state of "hydrostatic balance", neither contracting or expanding, and is generating its energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. The Sun has a spectral class of G2V, with the G2 importance that its color is yellow and its spectrum contains spectral lines of ionized and neutral metals as well as very weak hydrogen lines and the V signifying that it, like most stars, is a "dwarf" star on the main sequence.

The Sun has a predicted main series lifetime of about 10 billion years. Its current age is consideration to be about 4.5 billion years, a figure which is determined using computer models of stellar evolution, and nucleocosmochronology . The Sun orbits the midpoint of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of about 25,000 to 28,000 light-years from the galactic centre, completing one revolution in about 226 million years. The orbital speed is 217 km/s, the same to one light year every 1400 years, and one AU every 8 days.

Sun

The Sun is the superstar at the centre of our Solar system. It is infrequently referred to as Sol to differentiate it from other "suns". Planet Earth orbits the Sun, as do many other bodies, together with other planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and dust. Its heat and light support almost all life on Earth.

The Sun has a mass of about 2×1030kg, which is to some extent higher than that of an average star. About 74% of its mass is hydrogen, with 25% helium and the respite made up of trace quantities of heavier elements. It is consideration that the Sun is about 5 billion years old, and is about half way through its main sequence evolution, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. In about 5 billion years time the Sun will be converted into a planetary nebula.

Although it is the nearest star to Earth and has been intensively studied by scientists, many questions about the Sun hang about unanswered, such as why its outer atmosphere has a temperature of over 106 K when its visible surface (the photosphere) has a temperature of just 6,000 K.

Caution: Looking straight at the Sun can damage the retina and one's eyesight.

space missions

space missions are individuals using remote-controlled spacecraft.

The initial such mission was the Sputnik I mission, launched October 4, 1957. Some missions are more appropriate for unmanned missions rather than manned space missions, due to lower cost and lower risk factors.

Since the early 1970s, most unmanned space missions have been based on space probes with integral mission computers, and as such may be classified as embedded systems.

Most American unmanned missions have been coordinated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and European missions by the European Space Operations Centre, division of ESA (the European Space Agency).

Seedless fruits

Seedlessness is an imperative feature of some fruits of commerce. Profitable cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are esteemed for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits locate without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit situate may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits want a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes domino effect from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization.

Multiple fruit

A multiple fruit is one formed from a group of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these adult into a single mass. Examples of multiple fruit is the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.In a few plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced repeatedly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.

In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a top is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they develop into connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.

Aggregate fruit

An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous easy pistils. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets since each is like a small drupe emotionally involved to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the vessel is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are enclosed in achenes. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with several pistils.

Fruit development

A fruit is a grown ovary. After the ovule in an ovary is fertilized in a method known as pollination, the ovary begins to ripen. The ovule develops into a seed and the ovary wall pericarp may become thickset (as in berries or drupes), or form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In a few cases, the sepals, petals and/or stamens and style of the flower fall off. Fruit growth continues until the seeds have matured. With some multiseeded fruits the extent to which the flesh develops is comparative to the number of fertilized ovules.

The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is known as the pericarp. The pericarp is regularly differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, specially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. When such other floral parts are an important part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may donate to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms.

Botanic fruit and culinary fruit

Many foods are botanically fruit but are treat as vegetables in cooking. These contain cucurbits (e.g., squash, pumpkin, and cucumber), tomato, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper, spices, such as allspice and chillies. Occasionally, however rarely, a culinary "fruit" will not be a true fruit in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb may be measured a fruit, though only the astringent petiole is edible. In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measure the proportion of "fruit" enclosed in carrot jam. In the culinary sense, a fruit is usually any sweet tasting plant produce associated with seed, a vegetable is any savoury or a smaller amount sweet plant product, and a nut any hard, oily, and shelled plant product.

Although a nut is a type of fruit, it is also a popular term for safe to eat seeds, such as peanuts (which are actually a legume) and pistachios. Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit term a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is especially thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the safe to eat grain is actually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice are better measured edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits. Edible gymnosperms seeds are often dishonestly given fruit names, e.g. pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries.

Fruits

The term fruits has different meanings depending on circumstance. In botany, a fruit is the grown ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. In many varieties, the fruit incorporates the grown ovary and surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which peak plants disseminate seeds. when discussing about fruit as food, the term usually refers to those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plums, apples and oranges. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of the plant type they come from. The term "fruit" has also been incorrectly applied to the seed-containing female cones of many conifers.

Pace Car

100 A pace car has been used to start the Indianapolis 500 since 1911. The primary pace car was a Stoddard-Dayton driven by Carl G Fisher. Other car and motorbike races have also used pace cars.

The purpose of a pace car is to help provide a prepared running start to the race. The racecars follow the pace car around the track, maintaining their assigned limit positions.

The exact details can vary, but typically, there is one "parade lap" at a relatively low speed. This is followed by a much faster lap that directly leads to the formal start of the race, as the pace car turns off the track into the pit area.

Many years, the driver of the pace car is someone connected to car racing or the automotive industry, such as the dealer that provided the car, an executive of a US automaker, or a retired racecar driver. However, especially in recent years, the driver may be a celebrity; recently comedian and talk show host Jay Leno, and actors Anthony Edwards have driven the Indy pace car. Colin Powell was chosen to drive the pace car for the 2005 event.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome

Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and after its use, such as flaming and tingling feelings in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia and disturbances of the digestive system. Some researchers, implying a causal relationship, have named this syndrome as a new diagnostic entity, EHS or ES. The World Health Organization prefers to name it “idiopathic environmental intolerance", in order to avoid the insinuation of causation.

Salwar kameez

Salwar kameez is also spelled shalwar kameez and shalwar qamiz is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. It is now and then known as Punjabi suit due to its popularity in the Punjab region and the Pathani suit, due to the fact that the Pathans of Kabul introduce the dress to the rest of South Asia.

It is loose pajama like trousers the legs are wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The part seams known as the chaak are left open below the waist-line, which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, it is the favored garment of both sexes. In Bangladesh and India, it is most normally a woman's garment. Though the majority of Indian women wear traditional clothing, the men in India can be found in more conservative western clothing. Shalwar kameez is the traditional dress worn by a variety of peoples of south-central Asia. In India and Pakistan it is a particularly popular style of dress. Shalwar or Salwar is a short loose or parallel trouser.

Economic and social history

Dutch economic strategy for the colony throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can be clear along three overlapping periods: the Cultivation System, the Liberal Period, and the Ethical Period. Throughout these periods, and until Indonesian independence, the utilization of Indonesia's wealth contributes to the industrialization of the Netherlands. Large expanses of Java, for example, became plantations cultivated by Javanese peasants, together by Chinese intermediaries, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants. Before World War II, the majority of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products and a fifth of is tea, sugar, coffee, and oil. Indonesia complete the Netherlands was one of the world's most important colonial powers.

Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely exaggerated by the cost of the Java and Padre Wars. The Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy, and a concerted Dutch utilization of Indonesian resources commenced. In 1830, a new governor general, Johannes van den Bosch, was selected to make the Dutch East Indies to pay their way. An agricultural plan of government-controlled forced cultivation was introduced to Java. Known as the Cultivation System (Dutch: cultuurstelsel); much of Java became a Dutch plantation, making it a profitable, self-sufficient colony and saving the Netherlands from bankruptcy. The Cultivation System, however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese peasants, who suffer famine and epidemics in the 1840s.

Pollution

Pollution is the opening of pollutants chemical substances, noise, heat, light, energy and others into the environments which effect in deleterious effects of such a nature as to cause danger to human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment Pollution is formed by vehicle which make the health spoil.

Pulses

Pulses are defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as yearly leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color surrounded by a pod. Pulses being used for food and animal feed.

The term pulses, as used by the FAO, are kept for crops harvested solely for the dry grain. This therefore excludes green beans and green peas, which are measured vegetable crops. Also barred crops which are mainly grown for oil extraction oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts, and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa).

Pulses are main food crops due to their high protein and necessary amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play a key role in crop turning round due to their capability to fix nitrogen.

Red blood cell

Red cell is redirecting here, For the US military word, see Red Cell.
Red blood cells are the most ordinary type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of deliver oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.

Human red blood cells Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell". A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoes fragmentation, or a fragmented fraction of a red blood cell.

Blazer

A blazer or boating jacket is a kind of jacket, generally double-breasted even though single-breasted blazers have become more general in recent times. A blazer looks like a suit jacket except for that it generally has patch pockets with no flaps, and metal shank buttons. A blazer's cloth is usually of a resilient nature as it is used in schools and was used for sport. They frequently form part of the uniform dress of bodies, such as airlines, schools, yacht or rowing clubs, and private security organizations. As sporting dress has become more modified to the activity, the blazer has become limited to clubs' social meetings. Generally, blazers are navy blue, but nearly every color and mixture of colors has been used, particularly by schools and sporting organizations.

Public transport

Public transport, public transportation, public travel or mass transit comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not tour in their own vehicles. While it is generally taken to include rail and bus services, wider definitions would comprise scheduled airline services, ship, taxicab services etc. – any system that transports members of the universal public. A further restriction that is sometimes practical is that it must take place in shared vehicles that would bar taxis that are not shared-ride taxis.

Journalism Basics

Journalism is a concrete, professionally oriented major that involves gathering, interpreting, distilling, and other reporting information to the general audiences through a variety of media means. Journalism majors learn about every possible kind of Journalism (including magazine, newspaper, online journalism, photojournalism, broadcast journalism, and public relations).

That's not all, though. In addition to dedicated training in writing, editing, and reporting, Journalism wants a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. You'll more than likely be required to take up a broad range of courses that runs the range from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. There would also be a lot of haughty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility too - and you'll be tested on it. To top it all off, you'll perhaps work on the university newspaper or radio station, or possibly complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate.

Metabolism

Metabolism is the total set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. These processes are the source of life, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and react to their environments. Metabolism is frequently divided into two categories. Catabolic reactions yield energy, an example being the stop working of food in cellular respiration. Anabolic reactions, on the other hand, use this energy to construct mechanism of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is distorted into another by a series of enzymes. Enzymes are vital to metabolism because they allow cells to drive desirable but thermodynamically unfavorable reactions by combination them to favorable ones. Enzymes also agree to the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or signals from other cells.

Robotics

It is the science and technology of robots, their plan, manufacture, and application.Robotics requires functioning information of electronics, mechanics, and software. A person functioning in the field is a roboticist. The word robotics was first used in issue by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story Runaround in 1941.

Although the outside and capabilities of robots vary extremely, all robots share the features of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The chain is misshapen of links, actuators and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom. Most modern robots use open sequential chains in which each link connects the one before to the one after it. These robots are called serial robots and often look like the human arm. A few robots, such as the Stewart platform, use closed parallel kinematic chains. Other structures, such as those that imitate the mechanical structure of humans, diverse animals and insects, are relatively rare. However, the development and use of such structures in robots is a dynamic area of research. Robots used as manipulators have a finish effector mount on the last link. This end effector can be something from a welding mechanism to a mechanical provide used to manipulate the environment.

Whaleboat

A whaleboat is a type of open boat that is comparatively narrow and pointed at both ends, enabling it to move either forwards or backwards equally well. It was initially developed for whaling, and later became popular for work along beaches, as it does not need to be turned around for beaching or refloating.

Whaleboats are usually oar-powered, although in whaling use often had a dismountable mast and sails, too. After 1850 most were fitted with a centerboard for marine. When sailing, steering was with a rudder; when rowing, navigation was done with an oar held over the stern. Whaleboats used in whaling had a stout post mounted on the aft deck, approximately which the steersman would cinch the rope once the whale had been harpooned, and by which the whale would drag the boat awaiting it was killed.
The term "whaleboat" may be used casually of larger whalers, or of a boat used for whale watching.

Scow

A scow, in the unique sense, is a flat bottomed boat with a blunt bow, frequently used to haul garbage or related bulk freight; cf. barge. The etymology of the word is from Dutch schouwe, denotes such a boat.

Formerly an American design but also used in New Zealand the schooner rigged scow was extensively used for coastal and inland transport from around 1850 through the early 1900s. Scow schooners had a wide, thin hull, and used centerboards, bilge boards or leeboards fairly than a deep keel. The broad hull gave them stability, and the retractable foils permitted them to move yet heavy loads of cargo in waters far too shallow for keelboats to come in. The squared off bow and stern permitted the maximum amount of cargo to be carried in the hull. The least sailing scows were sloop rigged (creating them technically a scow sloop), but otherwise alike in design. The scow sloop ultimately evolved into the inland lake scow, a kind of fast racing boat.

Punt

A punt is a flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, planned for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting refers to boating in a punt; the punter normally propels the punt by pushing beside the river bed with a pole.

Punts were initially built as cargo boats or platforms for fowling and angling but in modern times their use is almost wholly confined to pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England and races at a few summer regattas on the Thames.
A customary river punt differs from many other types of wooden boat in that it has no keel, stem or sternpost. In its place it is built rather like a ladder with the main structure being two side panels connected by a series of 4 in (10 cm) cross planks, known as "treads", spaced about 1 foot (30 cm) apart.

The first punts are traditionally linked with the River Thames in England and were built as small cargo boats or platforms for fishermen. Pleasure punts — particularly built for recreation — became popular on the Thames between 1840 and 1860. Some other boats have a similar shape to a traditional punt — for example the Optimist training dinghy or the air boats used in the Everglades — but they are normally built with a box construction instead of the open ladder-like design of a traditional Thames pleasure punt.

Motorboat

A motorboat generally speaking is a vessel other than a sailboat or personal watercraft, propel by an internal combustion engine driving a jet or a propeller. Though, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea defines it as any vessel propelled by machinery. A speedboat is a small motorboat intended to move quickly, used in races, for pulling water skiers, as patrol boats, and as fast-moving armed attack vessels by the military. Even inflatable boats with a motor attached which may be serving as a high speed patrol boat or as a slow pedestrian dingy providing transport to and from a mooring buoy are technically classified as motorboats.
Here there are three popular variations of power plants: inboard, inboard/outboard, and outboard. If the engine is installed within the boat, it's called a power plant; if it's a detachable module attached to the boat, it's commonly known as an outboard motor.
An outboard motor is installed on the rear of a boat and contains the internal burning engine, the gear reduction (Transmission), and the propeller.

Kayak

A kayak is a little human-powered boat. It classically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spray deck. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by sitting paddlers. The kayak was used by the inhabitant Ainu, Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland. Modern kayaks come in a wide diversity of designs and materials for particular purposes. Kayaks are frequently referred to as canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.
Traditional kayaks typically accommodate one, two or infrequently three paddlers who sit facing ahead in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat. If used the spray deck or comparable waterproof garment attach securely to the edges of the cockpit, prevent the entry of water from waves or spray, and making it possible in some styles of boat, to roll the kayak upright again without it filling with water or eject the paddler.
Kayaks differ definitely in design and history from canoes, which are more flat-bottomed boats propel by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, even though some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak. One benefit to a kayak is that with a canoe's high bow, it is harder to paddle against the wind. As Kayaks do not have such high sides, it is easier to paddle on a breezy day.